Manifold Effects of Probiotics on Inflammation, Cognition, Dementia, Depression and Anxiety: A Traditional/Narrative Review – Possible Choice of Non-pharmacological Therapy at the Level of Primary Care
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56570/jimgs.v2i1.99Keywords:
Probiotics, Inflammatory markers, Oxidative Stress, Human Microbiome, Nervous System Diseases/diet therapy, Probiotics/therapeutic use, Microbiota/immunology, Alzheimer’s disease, AnxietyAbstract
Probiotics are microorganisms that can be included in the diet or taken as supplements. They are widely accessible and available at low cost to various populations all over the world. This study aims to gather both supporting and contradicting information from previous studies and additionally discuss the harmful effects of probiotics. Probiotics may offer essential early intervention to lessen the severity of inflammation, cognitive decline, and mood problems by modifying the gut-brain axis in the body. They work on multiple systems, so it is necessary to thoroughly investigate their effects and efficacy through randomized control trials in order to develop therapeutic, affordable, and widely accessible alternative treatment options from them for some of the most prevalent health problems. A thorough search was performed on various databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) using keywords and nineteen studies that fit the inclusion/exclusion criteria were deemed relevant.References
Tsiompanou E & Marketos SG : Hippocrates: timeless still. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2013, 106:288-292. 10.1177/0141076813492945
Huang R, Wang K, & Hu J. : Effect of probiotics on depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2016, 8:483. 10.3390/nu8080483
Pourrajab B, Fatahi S, Sohouli MH, et al.: The effects of probiotic/synbiotic supplementation compared to placebo on biomarkers of oxidative stress in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2022, 62:490-507. 10.1080/10408398.2020.1821166
Zamani B, Sheikhi A, Namazi N, et al..: The effects of supplementation with probiotic on biomarkers of oxidative stress in adult subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. . 2020. 10.1007/s12602-018-9500-1
Qu H, Zhang Y, Chai H, et al.: Effects of microbiota-driven therapy on inflammatory responses in elderly individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. . 2019. 10.1371/journal.pone.0211233
Park MR, Shin M, Mun D, et al.: Probiotic lactobacillus fermentum strain JDFM216 improves cognitive behavior and modulates immune response with gut microbiota.. Scientific reports, 10. 2020, 21701:10.1038/s41598-020-77587-w
Anastasiya S, Andre CF, Danielle CS, et al.: Gut emotions - mechanisms of action of probiotics as novel therapeutic targets for depression and anxiety disorders. CNS & neurological disorders drug targets. 2014, 13:1770-1786. 10.2174/1871527313666141130205242
Milajerdi A, Mousavi SM, Sadeghi A, et al.: The effect of probiotics on inflammatory biomarkers: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. European journal of nutrition. 2020, 59:633-649. 10.1007/s00394-019-01931-8
Heshmati J, Farsi F, Shokri F, et al.: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the probiotics and synbiotics effects on oxidative stress.. Journal of Functional Foods.. 2018, 46:66-84. 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.049
Li X, Lv C, Song J et al.: Effect of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function and metabolic status in mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Frontiers. 2021, 8:757673. 10.3389/fnut.2021.757673
Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Ferns GA, et al.: Impact of probiotic administration on serum c-reactive protein concentrations: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Nutrients. 2017, 9:20. 10.3390/nu9010020
Xiang S, Ji JL, Li S, et al.: Efficacy and safety of probiotics for the treatment of alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2022, 14:730036. 10.3389/fnagi.2022.730036
Mental disorders - WHO. (2022). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders.
Baxter AJ, Scott KM, Vos T, et al.: Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychological Medicine. 2013, 43:897-910. 10.1017/S003329171200147X
Chao L, Liu C, Sutthawongwadee S, et al.: Effects of probiotics on depressive or anxiety variables in healthy participants under stress conditions or with a depressive or anxiety diagnosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in neurology. 2020, 11:421. 10.3389/fneur.2020.00421
Foster JA & Neufeld KAM: Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression, trends in neurosciences. Trends in neurosciences.. 2013. 36:305 - 312. 10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005
Agahi A, Hamidi GA, Daneshvar R, et al.: Does severity of alzheimer's disease contribute to its responsiveness to modifying gut microbiota? A double blind clinical trial. Frontiers in neurology. 2018, 9:10.3389/fneur.2018.00662
Rojek AZ, Tyski S: Are probiotic really safe for humans?. Polish journal of microbiology. 2018, 67:251-258. 10.21307/pjm-2018-044
Sniffen JC, McFarland LV, Evans CT, et al.: Choosing an appropriate probiotic product for your patient: an evidence-based practical guide. . 2018. 10.1371/journal.pone.0209205
Jenks K, Stebbings S, Burton J, et al.: Probiotic therapy for the treatment of spondyloarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.. Journal of rheumatology. 2010, 37:2118-2125. 10.3899/jrheum.100193
Custodero C, Mankowski RT, Lee SA, et al.: Evidence-based nutritional and pharmacological interventions targeting chronic low-grade inflammation in middle-age and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing research reviews. 2018, 46:42-59. 10.1016/j.arr.2018.05.004
Marco SD, Sichetti M, Muradyan D, et al.: Probiotic cell-free supernatants exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity on human gut epithelial cells and macrophages stimulated with LPS. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM. 2018, 1756308:10.1155/2018/1756308
Jiménez CT, Ramírez MJM, Gil A, et al.: Effects of probiotics on metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. . 2020, 10.3390/nu12010124
Zhu G, Zhao J, Zhang H, et al.: Probiotics for mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. 2021 (ed): 10.3390/foods10071672
Alkasir R, Li J, Li X, et al.: Human gut microbiota: the links with dementia development. 2017, 8:90-102. 10.1007/s13238-016-0338-6
Tamtaji OR, Milajerdi A, Reiner Z, et al.: A systematic review and meta-analysis: the effects of probiotic supplementation on metabolic profile in patients with neurological disorders.. 2020, 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102507
Krüger JF, Hillesheim E, Pereira ACSN, et al.: Probiotics for dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition reviews. 2021, 79:160-170. 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa037
Qiu X, Wu G, Wang L, et al.: Lactobacillus delbrueckii alleviates depression-like behavior through inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 signaling in mice. Annals of translational medicine. 2021, 9:366-10. 10.21037/atm-20-4411
Amirani E, Milajerdi A, Mirzaei H, et al.: The effects of probiotic supplementation on mental health, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. . 2020. 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102361
Minayo MS, Miranda I and Telhado RS: A systematic review of the effects of probiotics on depression and anxiety: an alternative therapy?. 2020, 26:4087-4099. 10.1590/1413-81232021269.21342020
Borriello S, Hammes WP, Holzapfel W, et al.: Safety of probiotics that contain lactobacilli or bifidobacteria. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003, 36:775-780. 10.1086/368080
Ishibashi N, Yamazaki S: Probiotics and safety. American journal of clinical nutrition. 2001, 73:2. 10.1093/ajcn/73.2.465s
Doron S & Snydman DR : Risk and safety of probiotics. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2015, 60:2. 10.1093/cid/civ085
Boyle RJ, Browne RMR, Tang MLK: Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks?. American journal of clinical nutrition. 2006, 83:1256-1447. 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1256
Katkowska M, Garbacz K, & Kusiak A: Probiotics: should all patients take them?. 2021, 9:2620. 10.3390/microorganisms9122620
Stanton C, Gardiner G, Meehan H, et al.: Market potential for probiotics. . American journal of clinical nutrition. 2001, 73:2. 10.1093/ajcn/73.2.476s
Young SL, Simon MA, Baird MA, et al.: Bifidobacterial species differentially affect expression of cell surface markers and cytokines of dendritic cells harvested from cord blood. . Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology. 2004. 11:686-690. 10.1128/CDLI.11.4.686-690.2004
Nahoum SR, Paglino J, Varzaneh FE, et al.: Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell. 2004, 118:229-241. 10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002
Christensen HR, Frøkiaer H, Pestka JJ: Lactobacilli differentially modulate expression of cytokines and maturation surface markers in murine dendritic cells.. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md). 2002, 168:171-178. 10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.171
