<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="ojs">journal</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal For International Medical Graduates</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal For International Medical Graduates</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>
          <country>US</country>
          <uri>https://www.cibnp.com</uri>
        </publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2832-9864</issn>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jimgs.com/ojs/index.php/journal"/>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">133</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group xml:lang="en" subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The Role of Artificial Urinary Sphincter in Female Incontinence in 2023: A Literature Update</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
        <contrib corresp="yes">
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">Yonas Tamene, MSN, MD</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Yonas</surname>
              <given-names>Tamene</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>yonasteferra@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">Lydia Tesfaye, MD</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Lydia</surname>
              <given-names>Tesfaye</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>lydiatesfaye82@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">Suraj Subedi, MBBS</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Suraj</surname>
              <given-names>Subedi</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>therisingsuraj1@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">Jeffrey Jacob, MD</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Jeffrey</surname>
              <given-names>Jacob</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>jacobjaffrey978@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">Viven Edi, MSc, MD</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Viven</surname>
              <given-names>Edi</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>vivien.edi@wellstar.org</email>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff-1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Wellstar Kennestone Hospital</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff-2">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Addis Ababa University, Ethopia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff-3">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Chitwan Medical College, Nepal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff-4">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Northeast Georgia Hospital</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-history>
        <event event-type="received">
          <event-desc>Received: <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-09-23T14:26:16+00:00"><day>23</day><month>9</month><year>2023</year></date></event-desc>
        </event>
      </pub-history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright (c) 2023 Journal For International Medical Graduates</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>Journal For International Medical Graduates</copyright-holder>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jimgs.com/ojs/index.php/journal/article/view/133"/>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Artificial urinary sphincter</kwd>
        <kwd>Female</kwd>
        <kwd>Urinary incontinence</kwd>
        <kwd>Urinary tract reconstruction</kwd>
        <kwd>Refractory urinary incontinence</kwd>
        <kwd>Urinary Stress Incontinence</kwd>
        <kwd>Female Incontinence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group/>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="R1">
        <mixed-citation>Peyronnet, B., Gray, G., Capon, G., Cornu, J.-N., &amp; Van Der Aa, F. (2021). Robot-assisted artificial urinary sphincter implantation. Current Opinion in Urology, 31(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/mou.0000000000000837</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R2">
        <mixed-citation>Peyronnet, B., O’Connor, E., Khavari, R., Capon, G., Manunta, A., Allue, M., Hascoet, J., Nitti, V. W., Gamé, X., Gilleran, J., Castro‐Sader, L., Cornu, J., Waltregny, D., Ahyai, S., Chung, E., Elliott, D. S., Fournier, G., &amp; Brucker, B. M. (2018). AMS‐800 artificial urinary sphincter in female patients with stress urinary incontinence: A systematic review. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 38(S4). https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23833</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R3">
        <mixed-citation>Peyronnet, B., Greenwell, T., Gray, G., Khavari, R., Thiruchelvam, N., Capon, G., Ockrim, J., Lopez-Fando, L., Gilleran, J., Fournier, G., Van Koeveringe, G. A., &amp; Van Der Aa, F. (2020). Current use of the artificial urinary sphincter in adult females. Current Urology Reports, 21(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-020-01001-1</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R4">
        <mixed-citation>Constable, L., Cotterill, N., Cooper, D., Glazener, C., Drake, M. J., Forrest, M., Harding, C., Kilonzo, M., MacLennan, G., McCormack, K., McDonald, A., Mundy, A., Norrie, J., Pickard, R., Ramsay, C., Smith, R., Wileman, S., &amp; Abrams, P. (2018). Male synthetic sling versus artificial urinary sphincter trial for men with urodynamic stress incontinence after Prostate surgery (master): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2501-2</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R5">
        <mixed-citation>Peyronnet, B., Capon, G., Belas, O., Manunta, A., Allenet, C., Hascoet, J., Calves, J., Belas, M., Callerot, P., Robert, G., Descazeaud, A., &amp; Fournier, G. (2019). Robot-assisted AMS-800 artificial urinary sphincter bladder neck implantation in female patients with stress urinary incontinence. European Urology, 75(1), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2018.07.036</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R6">
        <mixed-citation>Chung, E. (2020). Artificial urinary sphincter surgery in the special populations: Neurological, revision, concurrent penile prosthesis and female stress urinary incontinence groups. Asian Journal of Andrology, 22(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.4103/aja.aja_128_19</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R7">
        <mixed-citation>Broudeur, L., Loubersac, T., Le Normand, L., Karam, G., Branchereau, J., Rigaud, J., &amp; Perrouin-Verbe, M. A. (2021). New technique of robot-assisted laparoscopic artificial urinary sphincter implantation in female by a posterior approach with intraoperative cystoscopic monitoring. World Journal of Urology, 39(11), 4221–4226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-021-03739-w</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R8">
        <mixed-citation>Hessels, D., Klein Gunnewiek, J. M. T., van Oort, I., Karthaus, H. F. M., van Leenders, G. J. L., van Balken, B., Kiemeney, L. A., Witjes, J. A., &amp; Schalken, J. A. (2003). DD3PCA3-based molecular urine analysis for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. European Urology, 44(1), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0302-2838(03)00201-x</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R9">
        <mixed-citation>Costa, P., Poinas, G., Ben Naoum, K., Bouzoubaa, K., Wagner, L., Soustelle, L., Boukaram, M., &amp; Droupy, S. (2013). Long-term results of artificial urinary sphincter for women with type III stress urinary incontinence. European Urology, 63(4), 753–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.008</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R10">
        <mixed-citation>Haudebert, C., Richard, C., Hascoet, J., &amp; Peyronnet, B. (2023). Robotic extraperitonal artificial urinary sphincter implantation in female patients. European Urology, 83, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0302-2838(23)01443-4</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R11">
        <mixed-citation>Vayleux, B., Rigaud, J., Luyckx, F., Karam, G., Glémain, P., Bouchot, O., &amp; Le Normand, L. (2011). Female urinary incontinence and artificial urinary sphincter: Study of efficacy and risk factors for failure and complications. European Urology, 59(6), 1048–1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2011.03.006</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R12">
        <mixed-citation>Fournier, G., Callerot, P., Thoulouzan, M., Valeri, A., &amp; Perrouin-Verbe, M.-A. (2014). Robotic-assisted laparoscopic implantation of artificial urinary sphincter in women with intrinsic sphincter deficiency incontinence: Initial results. Urology, 84(5), 1094–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2014.07.013</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R13">
        <mixed-citation>Barakat, B., Franke, K., Hijazi, S., Schakaki, S., Gauger, U., Hasselhof, V., &amp; Vögeli, T.-A. (2020). A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and functional outcomes of artificial urinary sphincter implantation in women with stress urinary incontinence. Arab Journal of Urology, 18(2), 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/2090598x.2020.1716293</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R14">
        <mixed-citation>Shokri, P., Kharaz, L., Talebian, N., Borumandnia, N., Ziaee, S. A., &amp; Shakhssalim, N. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of complications of artificial urinary sphincters in female patients with urinary incontinence due to internal sphincter insufficiency. BMC Urology, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-023-01274-x</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R15">
        <mixed-citation>Phé, V., Léon, P., Granger, B., Denys, P., Bitker, M.-O., Mozer, P., &amp; Chartier-Kastler, E. (2016b). Stress urinary incontinence in female neurological patients: Long-term functional outcomes after artificial urinary sphincter (AMS 800tm) implantation. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 36(3), 764–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23019</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R16">
        <mixed-citation>Islah, M., Cho, S. Y., &amp; Son, H. (2013). The current role of the artificial urinary sphincter in male and female urinary incontinence. The World Journal of Men’s Health, 31(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.2013.31.1.21</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R17">
        <mixed-citation>Popat, S., Tam, J., Koenig, H., Lucioni, A., Kobashi, K., &amp; Lee, U. (2022). PD06-07 real-world urinary tract infection rates and antibiotic practice with urethral injection of polyacrylamide hydrogel (BULKAMID®). Journal of Urology, 207(Supplement 5). https://doi.org/10.1097/ju.0000000000002525.07</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R18">
        <mixed-citation>Ameli, G., Chartier-Kastler, E. J., Anding, R. G., Van der Aa, F., Comiter, C. V., &amp; Hübner, W. A. (2023). Artificial urinary sphincters in males and females and neurogenic patients, techniques, and indications. Continence Reports, 6, 100028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contre.2023.100028</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R19">
        <mixed-citation>Close, A., Robertson, C., Rushton, S., Shirley, M., Vale, L., Ramsay, C., &amp; Pickard, R. (2013). Comparative cost-effectiveness of robot-assisted and standard laparoscopic prostatectomy as alternatives to open radical prostatectomy for treatment of men with localised prostate cancer: A Health Technology Assessment from the perspective of the UK National Health Service. European Urology, 64(3), 361–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2013.02.040</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R20">
        <mixed-citation>Phé, V., Léon, P., Granger, B., Denys, P., Bitker, M.-O., Mozer, P., &amp; Chartier-Kastler, E. (2016a). Stress urinary incontinence in female neurological patients: Long-term functional outcomes after artificial urinary sphincter (AMS 800tm) implantation. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 36(3), 764–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23019</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R21">
        <mixed-citation>Schroeder, A., Munier, P., Saussine, C., &amp; Tricard, T. (2021). Outcomes of laparoscopic artificial urinary sphincter in women with stress urinary incontinence: Mid-term evaluation. World Journal of Urology, 39(8), 3057–3062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-020-03527-y</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R22">
        <mixed-citation>Gunner, C., &amp; Reid, S. (2016). Female artificial urinary sphincters: Early experience. International Journal of Surgery, 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.08.449</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R23">
        <mixed-citation>Brito, C. G., Mulcahy, J. J., Mitchell, M. E., &amp; Adams, M. C. (1993). Use of a double cuff AMS800 urinary sphincter for severe stress incontinence. Journal of Urology, 149(2), 283–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)36057-3</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R24">
        <mixed-citation>Deruyver, Y., Schillebeeckx, C., Beels, E., De Ridder, D., &amp; Van der Aa, F. (2021). Long-term outcomes and patient satisfaction after artificial urinary sphincter implantation. World Journal of Urology, 40(2), 497–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-021-03877-1</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R25">
        <mixed-citation>Chung, E. (2014). A state-of-the-art review on the evolution of urinary sphincter devices for the treatment of post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence: Past, present and Future Innovations. Journal of Medical Engineering &amp;amp; Technology, 38(6), 328–332. https://doi.org/10.3109/03091902.2014.899400</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R26">
        <mixed-citation>Adamakis, I., Vasileiou, I., &amp; A. Constantinides, C. (2013). The treatment of iatrogenic male incontinence: Latest results and future perspectives. Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials, 8(1), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574887111308010006</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R27">
        <mixed-citation>Koch, G. E., &amp; Kaufman, M. R. (2022). The role of the artificial urinary sphincter: Current status and future innovations. Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports, 17(4), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11884-022-00670-7</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R28">
        <mixed-citation>Biardeau, X., Aharony, S., Campeau, L., &amp; Corcos, J. (2016). Artificial urinary sphincter: Report of the 2015 consensus conference. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 35(S2), S8–S24. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.22989</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
