journal Journal For International Medical Graduates Journal For International Medical Graduates California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology US https://www.cibnp.com 2832-9864 107 Articles Unlocking the Power of Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review on Safeguarding Hospitalised Patients From Clostridium Difficle Infection Sidharth Midha Midha Sidharth sidharth.midha@jimgs.com Surmai Shukla Shukla Surmai surmai.shukla@jimgs.com Divyanshu Dhamija Dhamija Divyanshu divyanshu.dhamija@jimgs.com Adedamola O. Bello Bello Adedamola O. adedamola.o.bello@jimgs.com Asma A. Khan Khan Asma A. asmaskahn@gmail.com Sai DheerajGutlapalli DheerajGutlapalli Sai sai.dheerajgutlapalli@jimgs.com Mehvish Sohail Sohail Mehvish mehvish.sohail@jimgs.com Priyansh A. Patel Patel Priyansh A. priyansh.a.patel@jimgs.com Lubna Mohammed Mohammed Lubna doclubna23@gmail.com 26 07 2023 Received: 2672023 Copyright (c) 2023 Journal For International Medical Graduates 2023 Journal For International Medical Graduates probiotics clostridium difficile lactobacillus pseudomembranous colitis microbiota prebiotics and antibiotic associated diarrhoea Agamennone V, Krul CA, Rijkers G, Kort R. A practical guide for probiotics applied to the case of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in The Netherlands. BMC Gastroenterol. 2018 Aug 6;18(1):103. doi: 10.1186/s12876-018-0831-x. Alberda C, Marcushamer S, Hewer T, Journault N, Kutsogiannis D. Feasibility of a Lactobacillus casei Drink in the Intensive Care Unit for Prevention of Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea and Clostridium difficile. Nutrients. 2018 Apr 26;10(5):539. doi: 10.3390/nu10050539. Mallina R, Craik J, Briffa N, Ahluwalia V, Clarke J, Cobb A. Probiotic containing Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Streptococcus thermophiles (ACTIMEL) for the prevention of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in the elderly with proximal femur fractures. J Infect Public Health. 2018 Jan;11(1):85-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.04.001. Dudzicz S, Kujawa-Szewieczek A, Kwiecień K, Więcek A, Adamczak M. Lactobacillus plantarum 299v Reduces the Incidence of Clostridium difficile Infection in Nephrology and Transplantation Ward - Results of One Year Extended Study. Nutrients. 2018 Oct 24;10(11):1574. doi: 10.3390/nu10111574. Ehrhardt S, Guo N, Hinz R, Schoppen S, May J, Reiser M, Schroeder MP, Schmiedel S, Keuchel M, Reisinger EC, Langeheinecke A, de Weerth A, Schuchmann M, Schaberg T, Ligges S, Eveslage M, Hagen RM, Burchard GD, Lohse AW, Unger M. Saccharomyces boulardii to Prevent Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016 Jan 1;3(1):ofw011. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofw011. Goldstein EJC, Johnson S, Maziade PJ, McFarland LV, Trick W, Dresser L, Millette M, Mazloum H, Low DE. Pathway to Prevention of Nosocomial Clostridium difficile Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Apr 28;60(Suppl 2):S148-S158. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ142. Musgrave CR, Bookstaver PB, Sutton SS, Miller AD. Use of alternative or adjuvant pharmacologic treatment strategies in the prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Int J Infect Dis. 2011 Jul;15(7):e438-e448. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.03.017. Liao W, Chen C, Wen T, Zhao Q. Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea in Adults. J ClinGastroenterol. 2020 Nov;55(6):469-480. doi: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001464. McFarland L. Probiotics for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of C. difficile Infections: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review. Antibiotics. 2015 Apr 13;4(2):160-178. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics4020160. Principi N, Gnocchi M, Gagliardi M, Argentiero A, Neglia C, Esposito S. Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infection and Associated Diarrhea: An Unsolved Problem. Microorganisms. 2020 Oct 23;8(11):1640. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8111640. Spinler JK, Ross CL, Savidge TC. Probiotics as adjunctive therapy for preventing Clostridium difficile infection - What are we waiting for? Anaerobe. 2016 Oct;41:51-57. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.05.007. Selinger C, Bell A, Cairns A, Lockett M, Sebastian S, Haslam N. Probiotic VSL#3 prevents antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Hosp Infect. 2013 Jun;84(2):159-165. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2013.02.019. Chamberlain R, Lau C. Probiotics are effective at preventing Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Gen Med. 2016 Feb 27;9:27-37. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S98280. Shen NT, Maw A, Tmanova LL, Pino A, Ancy K, Crawford CV, Simon MS, Evans AT. Timely Use of Probiotics in Hospitalized Adults Prevents Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review With Meta-Regression Analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017 Aug;153(2):460-469.e8. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.02.003. Allen SJ, Wareham K, Wang D, Bradley C, Hutchings H, Harris W, Dhar A, Brown H, Foden A, Gravenor MB, Mack D. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in older inpatients (PLACIDE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2013 Oct 19;382(9900):1249-1257. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61218-0. Goldenberg JZ, Yap C, Lytvyn L, Lo CKF, Beardsley J, Mertz D, Johnston BC. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 19;12(12):CD006095. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006095.pub4. Johnson S, Maziade PJ, McFarland LV, Trick W, Donskey C, Currie B, Low DE, Goldstein EJ. Is primary prevention of Clostridium difficile infection possible with specific probiotics? Int J Infect Dis. 2012 Nov;16(11):e786-792. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.06.005. Pattani R, Palda VA, Hwang SW, Shah PS. Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Med. 2013;7(2):e56-67. McFarland L, Ship N, Auclair J, Millette M. Primary prevention of Clostridium difficile infections with a specific probiotic combining Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, and L. rhamnosus strains: assessing the evidence. J Hosp Infect. 2018 Aug;99(4):443-452. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.04.017.