<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="ojs">journal</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal For International Medical Graduates</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal For International Medical Graduates</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>
          <country>US</country>
          <uri>https://www.cibnp.com</uri>
        </publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2832-9864</issn>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jimgs.com/ojs/index.php/journal"/>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">218</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group xml:lang="en" subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Atypical First-Episode Psychosis With Prolonged Catatonia and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: Diagnostic Challenges and Improvement With Clozapine: A Case Report and Literature Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
        <contrib>
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">Aditi Sarker, MD</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Sarker</surname>
              <given-names>Aditi</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>aditixavier14@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">Adil Elahi, MD</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Elahi</surname>
              <given-names>Adil</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>adil.elahi@jimgs.com</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">Gursimrat Bhatti, MD</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Bhatti</surname>
              <given-names>Gursimrat</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>gursimrat.bhatti@jimgs.com</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">Abraham Williams, DO</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>Abraham</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>abraham.williams@jimgs.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">Muhammad Yusuf, MD</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>Muhammad</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>muhammad.yusuf@jimgs.com</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">David Murdock, MD</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Murdock</surname>
              <given-names>David</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>david.murdock@jimgs.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">Nhu Mai Vu, MD</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Mai Vu</surname>
              <given-names>Nhu</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>nhu.mai.vu@jimgs.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">Michael Gillespie, MD</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Gillespie</surname>
              <given-names>Michael</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>michael.gillespie@jimgs.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name-alternatives>
            <string-name specific-use="display">Raheel Imtiaz Memon, MD</string-name>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
              <surname>Memon</surname>
              <given-names>Raheel Imtiaz</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>raheel.ımtiaz.memon@jimgs.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff-1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">PGY2 Resident, Psychiatry Residency Program, Baptist Hospitals of Southeast Texas, Beaumont, TX</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff-2">
        <institution content-type="orgname">PGY1 Resident, Psychiatry Residency Program, Baptist Hospitals of Southeast Texas, Beaumont, TX</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff-3">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Core Faculty, Psychiatry Residency Program, Baptist Hospitals of Southeast Texas, Beaumont, TX</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff-4">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Specialist, Baptist Hospitals of Southeast Texas, Beaumont, TX</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff-5">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Program Director, Psychiatry Residency Program, Baptist Hospitals of Southeast Texas, Beaumont, TX</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff-6">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Child, Adolescent &amp; Adult Psychiatrist, Medical Director, Associate Program Director, Psychiatry Residency Program, Baptist Hospitals of Southeast Texas, Beaumont, TX</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-history>
        <event event-type="received">
          <event-desc>Received: <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-23T11:28:44+00:00"><day>23</day><month>1</month><year>2026</year></date></event-desc>
        </event>
      </pub-history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright (c) 2026 Journal For International Medical Graduates</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>Journal For International Medical Graduates</copyright-holder>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jimgs.com/ojs/index.php/journal/article/view/218"/>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Schizophrenia</kwd>
        <kwd>psychotic disorder</kwd>
        <kwd>DSM-5</kwd>
        <kwd>catatonia</kwd>
        <kwd>NMS</kwd>
        <kwd>neuroinflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>antipsychotics</kwd>
        <kwd>clozapine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group/>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="R1">
        <mixed-citation>Velligan, I. D., Rao, S. The epidemiology and global burden of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2023; 84 (1):MS21078COM5. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.MS21078COM5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R2">
        <mixed-citation>Marder, SR., Cannon TD. Schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381 (18):1753-1761. PMID: 31665579. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1808803</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R3">
        <mixed-citation>Olfson M, Gerhard T, Huang C, Crystal S, Stroup TS. Premature mortality among adults with schizophrenia in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015; 72 (12):1172-1181. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1737</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R4">
        <mixed-citation>Jablensky, A. The diagnostic concept of schizophrenia: its history, evolution, and future prospects. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2010; 12 (3): 271–287. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2010.12.3/ajable nsky</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R5">
        <mixed-citation>Huq, R., Mithani, F., Cullum, S., &amp; Chacko, R. An atypical progression of schizophrenia in an elderly woman. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 2020; 34 (2): 321. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2020.1834906</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R6">
        <mixed-citation>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); June 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/ table/ch3.t22/</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R7">
        <mixed-citation>Patel, K. R., Cherian, J., Gohil, K., &amp; Atkinson, D. Schizophrenia: Overview and treatment options. Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2014; 39 (9): 638. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4159061/</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R8">
        <mixed-citation>Pandey, A., &amp; Kalita, K. N. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: How far have we traveled? Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2022; 13: 994425. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.994425</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R9">
        <mixed-citation>Siskind D, Orr S, Sinha S, et al. Rates of treatment-resistant schizophrenia from first-episode cohorts: systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2022; 220(3):115-120. doi:10.1192/bjp.2021.61</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R10">
        <mixed-citation>Remington, G., Agid, O., Foussias, G., Hahn, M., Rao, N., Sinyor, M. Clozapine’s Role in the Treatment of First-Episode Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2013; 170:146–151. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12060778</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R11">
        <mixed-citation>Phiri, P., Delanerolle, G., Hope, O., et al. Catatonia: A deep dive into its unfathomable depths. World Journal of Psychiatry. 2024; 14 (2): 210. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v14.i2.210</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R12">
        <mixed-citation>Ungvari GS, Leung SK, Ng FS, Cheung H-K, Leung T. Schizophrenia with prominent catatonic features (’catatonic schizophrenia’): I. Demographic and clinical correlates in the chronic phase. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005; 29:27–38. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.08.007</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R13">
        <mixed-citation>Stuivenga, M., &amp; Morrens, M. Prevalence of the catatonic syndrome in an acute inpatient sample. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2014; 5: 121778. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00174</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R14">
        <mixed-citation>Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, Dowling F, Francis A. Catatonia. I. Rating scale and standardized examination. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996; 93: 129–136. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09814.x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R15">
        <mixed-citation>Tandon, R., Heckers, S., Bustillo, J., et al. Catatonia in DSM-5. Schizophrenia Research. 2013; 150 (1): 26-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.034</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R16">
        <mixed-citation>Simon LV, Hashmi MF, Callahan AL. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; April 24, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482282/</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R17">
        <mixed-citation>Rodriguez, S., Dufendach, K. A., &amp; Weinreib, R. M. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome or catatonia? A Case Report. The Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 2020; 6 (3): 190. https://doi.org/10.2478/jccm-2020-0025</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R18">
        <mixed-citation>Hirjak, D., Sartorius, A., Kubera, K. M., &amp; Wolf, R. C. Antipsychotic-induced catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome: The dark side of the moon. Molecular Psychiatry. 2021; 26 (11): 6112-6114. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01158-2</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R19">
        <mixed-citation>Tsuang MT, Dempsey M, Rauscher F. A study of "atypical schizophrenia". Comparison with schizophrenia and affective disorder by sex, age of admission, precipitant, outcome, and family history. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976; 33(10):11157-11160. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-252-6_7</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R20">
        <mixed-citation>Seetharaman, A., Chauhan, V. S., Adhvaryu, A., &amp; Prakash, J. Lorazepam challenge test: A unique clinical response in catatonia. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 2021; 30(Suppl 1), S235. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.328871</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R21">
        <mixed-citation>Murray, MR., Egarton, A., Gao, Y., et al. Why Is Clozapine Uniquely Effective in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia? A Review and Proposal. Biological Psychiatry. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.06.011</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R22">
        <mixed-citation>Siskind, D., Northwood, K., McCutcheon, AR. Clozapine and treatment-resistant schizophrenia: efficacy versus effectiveness. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2025; 12(4): p240-241. Clozapine and treatment-resistant schizophrenia: efficacy versus effectiveness - The Lancet Psychiatry</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R23">
        <mixed-citation>Saini, A., Begum, N., Matti, J., et al. (2024). Clozapine as a treatment for catatonia: A systematic review. ScienceDirect. 2024; 263: 275-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2022.09.021</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R24">
        <mixed-citation>Khandaker, MG., Cousins, L., Deakin, J., Lennox, RB., Yolken, R., Jones BP. Inflammation and immunity in schizophrenia: implications for pathophysiology and treatment. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015; 2 (3): 258-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00122-9</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R25">
        <mixed-citation>Cruz Mosquera, F. E., Guevara-Montoya, M. C., Serna-Ramirez, V., Liscano, Y. Neuroinflammation and schizophrenia: new therapeutic strategies through psychobiotics, nanotechnology, and artificial Intelligence (AI). Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024; 14(4): 391. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14040391</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
